I-Definitions: A-information: Information is a data set with a meaning that will enrich our knowledge. It is the carrier of human knowledge. Information = Data + Meaning Information can be in various forms: text, image, sound, video ... Note: In automatic processing, the user intervention is very low. It is the domain of a new science is computer science. 2-L'informatique: The computer designates the automation of information processing by a system of practical (machine) or abstract. Also, the computer means all of science and technology related to the processing of information. = Information + Automatic Computer The word computer was created in March 1962 by Philippe Dreyfus from the words: Information and Control. This word is accepted by the French Academy in 1967. 3-The computer system: The computer system is a system capable of operating a data processing by significantly reducing human intervention. For a computer system to process information automatically, it needs an infrastructure composed of organs to acquire data, process and return the results.'s Computer. The computer is a computer system. Note: A computer system consists of two interrelated parts: hardware and software. 4-The computer: A computer is an electronic machine that processes information to allow you to perform various tasks, have fun with games, listen to music or watching movies. Computers are increasingly widespread and indispensable in the home and office. Note: The microcomputer operates under the principle: data entry - data processing - output of processed data. Entering data entering the computer where they are processed by a program that renders other data. Peripherals Peripheral PU Release
A great system manages the program and liaising with the various hardware components and software: the OS (Operating System in English acronym OS). Software = OS + applications + utilities II-computer components (equipment): A computer is composed of the following main elements (Périphiriques):
1 - The central unit includes: * Processor: He reads the instructions from the program and tells the computer through the operating system what to do. The speed at which it processes data internally expressed in megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz). * Submissions: ** Read Only Memory (ROM, Read Only Memory). This memory is not changed (except by special programs). It contains an internal program useful for operating computer (known as BIOS). The contents of this memory is permanent. ** Memory (RAM, Random Access Memory). This memory contains the operating system, programs and data. This memory is erased when the computer is turned off. ** Auxiliary memory or magnetic memory or external or secondary name usually used for floppies or hard drives. It is on this external memory that will be stored programs and data. This memory is permanent (except erasing wanted). ** Buffer: special memory connected to the processor to improve performance. * The Bus: liaises between the processor and RAM, and manages the transfer of data and instructions between these two components. * Controllers Input / Output: electronic devices that control the various organs of input-output (hard, floppy or CD burner ...). The input-output controllers are generally integrated into the motherboard or are an additional card. These elements are a large electronic board called a motherboard. 2 - Input / Output devices for entering data (keyboard, mouse, scanner ...), store (floppy, hard drive ...) to distribute or display devices (monitor, printer ...) or otherwise. Among the various devices include (this list is not exhaustive). * The keyboard to enter data (such as a typewriter). * The mouse device has become indispensable in modern operating systems, additional keyboard to move through the windows. Verbs are associated with mouse click (and double clicking), drag, move ...
* The floppy disk that was one of the first medium used to store programs and data. Less and less used. Size 1.44 MB * The HDD (hard disc in English) is the essential complement of the computer to store programs and data. Height in GB (30,40,60, 80 GB ..).
* The screen (or monitor) for displaying text and images.Taille expressed in inches (17 inches for example). Types: CRT or LCD. * CD-ROM drive or DVD drive to install most software or play multimedia data (images, sounds). Most computers come with a CD-ROM or DVD drive (which can also play CDs). Size in megabytes (650 megabytes for a CD-ROM) and speed (in the form nX, 4X, 8X, 52X ...). * A CD burner or DVD burner: Save data to CDs. Also read CDs. * The speakers connected to the soundcard. * Printer for printing on paper or similar. Units used: number of pages printed per minute, in dots per inch definition. * The scanner: for "photocopy" of the images or text and treated by specialized software. * A modem (internal or external) to communicate by telephone network (Internet for example). * A network card to connect to other computers via a network. Also used for certain connections to the Internet via ADSL. ... The devices are connected to the computer directly on the motherboard or add-on cards via cables external or internal layers. Catches are called external ports (serial, parallel, USB, Firewire, SCSI, ...). The devices are controlled by specialized programs called drivers (drivers in English), using protocols for data exchange. Drivers are to be included in the operating system or provided by manufacturers on CD. The economies of these updated drivers are usually available on the Internet. We can cite some ports and protocols: * Serial port: we connect slow devices: the modem (if external), keyboard, mouse. On the PC serial port is known as COM1, COM2 or COM3. Installed in series on the PC on modern Macintosh (from the G3 blue) this port tends to disappear in favor of USB (Universal Serial Bus). * USB (Universal Serial Bus): we connect more and more different devices such as keyboard, mouse, modem, scanner printer, external hard drive, external CD burner, speakers, microphone, webcam ... You can connect up to 127 devices to USB ports. When the number of available slots is insufficient HUBs are used (or hubs). 2 USB ports (or more) are installed as standard on modern PCs .. There are no connections son for some devices. Inside the computer, to the extent of the available space, you can add hard drives, CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive or DVD, or SCSI connections according to ATA (Advanced Technology) also known as called IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) with variations ATAPI (AT Attachment Packet Interface Bus) or Ultra DMA (Direct Memory Access). Material = P. P + input + + exit P.mémorisation P.calcul + P.transmission. III-OS The operating system is a program that allows the computer to manage its memory, peripherals and circulation of its information. This is the great manager who told the microprocessor what to do. Without it, the computer could not start or perform actions. Synonymous with the term operating system is the operating system. Several operating systems are available on the market. Operating systems commonly used in PC (Personal Computer) family are: - - Windows95 was released in August 1995 - - Windows98 was released in June 1998 - - WindowsMe (or Millennium) released in October 2000 - - Windows XP Home Edition was released in December 2001. There are also professional versions: Windows 2000 Pro, Windows NT, Windows XP Professional Edition. Windows is developed by Microsoft. Alternative systems are also available on PC: UNIX, Linux, OS2, BeOS. For Macintosh systems are the most recent Mac OS X version 10.2.x and Mac OS 9.22.
A great system manages the program and liaising with the various hardware components and software: the OS (Operating System in English acronym OS). Software = OS + applications + utilities II-computer components (equipment): A computer is composed of the following main elements (Périphiriques):
1 - The central unit includes: * Processor: He reads the instructions from the program and tells the computer through the operating system what to do. The speed at which it processes data internally expressed in megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz). * Submissions: ** Read Only Memory (ROM, Read Only Memory). This memory is not changed (except by special programs). It contains an internal program useful for operating computer (known as BIOS). The contents of this memory is permanent. ** Memory (RAM, Random Access Memory). This memory contains the operating system, programs and data. This memory is erased when the computer is turned off. ** Auxiliary memory or magnetic memory or external or secondary name usually used for floppies or hard drives. It is on this external memory that will be stored programs and data. This memory is permanent (except erasing wanted). ** Buffer: special memory connected to the processor to improve performance. * The Bus: liaises between the processor and RAM, and manages the transfer of data and instructions between these two components. * Controllers Input / Output: electronic devices that control the various organs of input-output (hard, floppy or CD burner ...). The input-output controllers are generally integrated into the motherboard or are an additional card. These elements are a large electronic board called a motherboard. 2 - Input / Output devices for entering data (keyboard, mouse, scanner ...), store (floppy, hard drive ...) to distribute or display devices (monitor, printer ...) or otherwise. Among the various devices include (this list is not exhaustive). * The keyboard to enter data (such as a typewriter). * The mouse device has become indispensable in modern operating systems, additional keyboard to move through the windows. Verbs are associated with mouse click (and double clicking), drag, move ...
* The floppy disk that was one of the first medium used to store programs and data. Less and less used. Size 1.44 MB * The HDD (hard disc in English) is the essential complement of the computer to store programs and data. Height in GB (30,40,60, 80 GB ..).
* The screen (or monitor) for displaying text and images.Taille expressed in inches (17 inches for example). Types: CRT or LCD. * CD-ROM drive or DVD drive to install most software or play multimedia data (images, sounds). Most computers come with a CD-ROM or DVD drive (which can also play CDs). Size in megabytes (650 megabytes for a CD-ROM) and speed (in the form nX, 4X, 8X, 52X ...). * A CD burner or DVD burner: Save data to CDs. Also read CDs. * The speakers connected to the soundcard. * Printer for printing on paper or similar. Units used: number of pages printed per minute, in dots per inch definition. * The scanner: for "photocopy" of the images or text and treated by specialized software. * A modem (internal or external) to communicate by telephone network (Internet for example). * A network card to connect to other computers via a network. Also used for certain connections to the Internet via ADSL. ... The devices are connected to the computer directly on the motherboard or add-on cards via cables external or internal layers. Catches are called external ports (serial, parallel, USB, Firewire, SCSI, ...). The devices are controlled by specialized programs called drivers (drivers in English), using protocols for data exchange. Drivers are to be included in the operating system or provided by manufacturers on CD. The economies of these updated drivers are usually available on the Internet. We can cite some ports and protocols: * Serial port: we connect slow devices: the modem (if external), keyboard, mouse. On the PC serial port is known as COM1, COM2 or COM3. Installed in series on the PC on modern Macintosh (from the G3 blue) this port tends to disappear in favor of USB (Universal Serial Bus). * USB (Universal Serial Bus): we connect more and more different devices such as keyboard, mouse, modem, scanner printer, external hard drive, external CD burner, speakers, microphone, webcam ... You can connect up to 127 devices to USB ports. When the number of available slots is insufficient HUBs are used (or hubs). 2 USB ports (or more) are installed as standard on modern PCs .. There are no connections son for some devices. Inside the computer, to the extent of the available space, you can add hard drives, CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive or DVD, or SCSI connections according to ATA (Advanced Technology) also known as called IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) with variations ATAPI (AT Attachment Packet Interface Bus) or Ultra DMA (Direct Memory Access). Material = P. P + input + + exit P.mémorisation P.calcul + P.transmission. III-OS The operating system is a program that allows the computer to manage its memory, peripherals and circulation of its information. This is the great manager who told the microprocessor what to do. Without it, the computer could not start or perform actions. Synonymous with the term operating system is the operating system. Several operating systems are available on the market. Operating systems commonly used in PC (Personal Computer) family are: - - Windows95 was released in August 1995 - - Windows98 was released in June 1998 - - WindowsMe (or Millennium) released in October 2000 - - Windows XP Home Edition was released in December 2001. There are also professional versions: Windows 2000 Pro, Windows NT, Windows XP Professional Edition. Windows is developed by Microsoft. Alternative systems are also available on PC: UNIX, Linux, OS2, BeOS. For Macintosh systems are the most recent Mac OS X version 10.2.x and Mac OS 9.22.
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